{"id":11321,"date":"2007-12-20T23:18:00","date_gmt":"2007-12-20T23:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/production.ou.org\/life\/other\/masechet_nedarim_26\/"},"modified":"2015-10-28T06:07:46","modified_gmt":"2015-10-28T11:07:46","slug":"masechet_nedarim_26","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ou.org\/life\/torah\/masechet_nedarim_26\/","title":{"rendered":"Masechet Nedarim 2a-6b"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Coming Week’s Daf Yomi by Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz<\/em><\/p>\n

This essay is based upon the insights and chidushim (original ideas) of Talmudic scholar Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz, as published in the Hebrew version of the Steinsaltz Edition of the Talmud.<\/em><\/p>\n

This month\u2019s Steinsaltz Daf Yomi is sponsored by Dr. and Mrs. Alan Harris, the Lewy Family Foundation, and Marilyn and Edward Kaplan<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Nedarim 2a-b<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

The first Mishnah<\/a> in the masechet<\/a><\/em> teaches that a person does not need to use a specific formula to make a neder<\/em> \u2013 a vow \u2013 but that kinuyim<\/em>, which are substitutes for the formal language of a vow, will also be effective. This is true in other cases where a person makes a statement that has significance according to the halakha<\/a><\/em>, like taking a shevua<\/em> \u2013 an oath \u2013 or accepting the status of a nazir<\/a><\/em> upon oneself.<\/p>\n

What is the difference between a neder<\/em> and a shevua<\/em>? The Gemara<\/a> explains that in a neder<\/em>, the statement made by the person takes effect on the object \u2013 e.g., when a person takes a vow not to eat a certain food, the food is now forbidden. A shevua<\/em>, on the other hand, takes effect on the person, so that now there is a prohibition on the person to eat the food.<\/p>\n

The conceptual distinction between the object (the heftza<\/em>) and the person (the gavra<\/em>) has become a popular method of distinguishing in many areas of mitzvot<\/a><\/em> and halakhot<\/em>. Nevertheless, the basic question that needs to be dealt with is what actual difference is there if a given prohibition is applied to the object or to the person. Several suggestions are put forward by the rishonim<\/a><\/em> \u2013<\/p>\n

The Ran<\/a> and Tosafot<\/a> suggest that in a case where the language is mixed up and a person takes a shevuah<\/em> that an object is forbidden or takes a neder<\/em> that he will refrain from a given activity, the oath or the vow will not take effect since the statement was an incorrect one. In fact, this very question is dealt with in the Talmud Yerushalmi<\/a><\/em>, and the majority opinion is that a neder<\/em> cannot use the language of a shevuah<\/em> or vice versa.<\/p>\n

Not all are in agreement with this conclusion. The Ramban<\/a> rules that such mistaken language would create an obligation because it would be considered to be yadot nedarim<\/em> \u2013 literally “handles” to a neder<\/em> \u2013 abbreviated forms that create a neder<\/em> even if the language is not precise.<\/p>\n

\n

Nedarim 3a-b<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

We have already learned that the most basic requirements of nedarim<\/em> \u2013 or becoming obligated by making a vow \u2013 are for a person to have clear intent, that he express it in a clear manner. Nevertheless, as the first<\/a> Mishnah<\/a> makes clear, there is not set formula for taking on a neder<\/em>, and substitutes \u2013 referred to by the Mishnah as kinuyei nedarim<\/em> \u2013 or abbreviated formulations \u2013 referred to by the Gemara<\/a> as yadot nedarim<\/em> \u2013 will also create a full obligation.<\/p>\n

The Gemara on our daf <\/em>discusses the order in which kinuyei nedarim<\/em> and yadot nedarim<\/em> are presented by the Mishnah, and suggests that kinuyei nedarim<\/em> are mentioned first because they are mi-d’oraita<\/em> (from the Torah<\/a>), while yadot nedarim<\/em>, which are learned mi-derasha<\/em> (derived from a homiletic teaching) are taught afterwards.<\/p>\n

Tosafot<\/a> point out that according to the Talmud Yerushalmi<\/a><\/em> kinuyei nedarim<\/em> are expressions developed by the Sages for use when making vows, and that effectively both kinuyei nedarim<\/em> and yadot nedarim<\/em> are of rabbinic origin. Based on this approach, even though the Gemara finds passages in the Torah to which the concept of kinuyei nedarim<\/em> is connected, someone who uses such an expression to accept upon himself nezirut<\/em>, for example, would not bring the sacrifices that a nazir<\/a><\/em> ordinarily brings, even though he will receive the punishment of malkot<\/em> \u2013 lashes \u2013 if he breaks the rules of nezirut<\/em>, albeit only on a rabbinic level.<\/p>\n

Some commentaries suggest that according to our Gemara, both kinuyei nedarim<\/em> and yadot nedarim<\/em> are treated as creating biblical obligations. According to this approach, when our Gemara presented yadot nedarim<\/em> as being derived mi-derasha<\/em>, it does not indicate that yadot<\/em> are rabbinic, rather that they are not clearly written in the Torah. This approach is similar to that of the Rambam<\/a> who uses the expression mi-divrei soferim<\/em> \u2013 from the words of the scribes \u2013 when referring to laws that have biblical weight but are derived from the words of the Torah rather than being written explicitly there.<\/p>\n

\n

Nedarim 4a-b<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

A closely related concept to nedarim<\/em> – or becoming obligated by making a vow – is the acceptance of nezirut<\/em>. When a man or a woman states that he or she desires to accept the status of a nazir<\/a><\/em> the following prohibitions come into play.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. No drinking wine or eating grapes or their products<\/li>\n
  2. No cutting hair<\/li>\n
  3. No contact with dead bodies. This condition is essential, as someone who becomes tameh<\/em> \u2013 ritually impure – by coming into contact with a dead body will need to begin the nezirut<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ordinarily, nezirut<\/em> extends for 30 days, unless a different time frame is expressed when the person accepts nezirut<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    What would happen if a person states that he or she is accepting nezirut<\/em> even as that person is standing in a cemetery?<\/p>\n

    Our Gemara<\/a> makes reference to this case, which is the subject of a dispute between Reish Lakish<\/a> who says that the nezirut<\/em> does not immediately take effect and Rabbi Yochanan<\/a>, who believes that it does. Some of the commentaries explain that even according to Reish Lakish, although this nezirut<\/em> does not take effect, the individual will be obligated to accept nezirut<\/em> upon himself after the period that he is tamei<\/em> concludes. This is because his statement is taken seriously and we view it as a commitment, even though it could not take effect in the cemetery. Rabbi Yochanan, on the other hand, believes that the nezirut<\/em> does take effect immediately. Nevertheless, since the individual is tamei,<\/em> the nezirut<\/em> will be suspended for the moment, but it will take effect immediately when the person becomes tahor<\/em> (ritually pure), without the need for any further statements.<\/p>\n

    Our Gemara quotes Mar bar Rav Ashi<\/a> who offered an alternative approach to the dispute between Reish Lakish and Rabbi Yochanan. He understands that both sages agree that the nezirut<\/em> takes effect immediately, but they disagree with regard to the punishment. Tosafot<\/a> explain this approach to mean that all agree that the person standing in the cemetery will be punished if he drank wine or cut his hair; the disagreement is whether he will receive punishment for being tamei<\/em>, given that that was the state he was in at the moment when he accepted nezirut<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Nedarim 5a-b<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

    We have already learned (see Nedarim 3<\/a><\/em>) that a person can accept a vow on himself by means of yadot nedarim<\/em> \u2013 an abbreviation or “short form” of a neder<\/em> that is understood to be an expression of a vow. Our Gemara<\/a> raises the issue of clarity \u2013 how clear does such a statement need to be? While all agree that yadayim mokhihot<\/em> \u2013 clear abbreviations \u2013 would create a neder<\/em>, there is a dispute about yadayim she-en mokhihot<\/em> \u2013 abbreviated statements that are not clear. Thus, according to Shmuel<\/a>, saying mufrishani mimkha<\/em> (I am separated from you) or meruhkani mimkha<\/em> (I am removed from you) will only be understood as a neder<\/em> if it is followed up with a supporting statement that clarifies that the intent is to actually forbid deriving benefit from the person. This is because he considers these to be yadayim she-en mokhihot<\/em> and Shmuel believes that yadayim she-en mokhihot lo have yadayim<\/em> \u2013 that unclear abbreviations are not considered clear yadayim<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Most of the commentaries understand the etymology of the term yadayim<\/em> to be from the idea of a handle, which allows a person to hold or grasp an object. That is to say that even though the statement that we are calling a yad<\/em> does not intrinsically have the meaning of a neder<\/em>, nevertheless it can act as a tool to express a certain idea, just as a handle allows for grasping and controlling something else. A different perspective on this concept is offered by the Rambam<\/a> in his commentary on the Mishnah<\/a>. He explains that the word yad<\/em> in this context means a part of something (see, for example, Bereshit<\/a><\/em> 43:34<\/a> where the word yad<\/em> is used in this way). Thus the expression yadayim<\/em> mean that it is a partial statement, one that does not complete the thought, even as its intent may be possible to determine.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Nedarim 6a-b<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

    We have already discussed the concept of yadot nedarim<\/em> \u2013 a “short form” statement that creates a vow even though it is not an entirely clear statement. Our Gemara<\/a> examines the concept of yad<\/em> in other areas of halakha<\/a><\/em>. Will a yad<\/em> work in the case of kiddushin<\/em> \u2013 marriage? When separating pe’ah<\/em> (the corner of the field that is left for the poor)? When giving charity? How clear does the statement need to be in these cases?<\/p>\n

    With regard to kiddushin<\/em>, there is a basic difference between taking a vow and creating a marriage. While a neder<\/em> works entirely through a verbal statement, kiddushin<\/em> needs not only a statement but also an act of marriage \u2013 usually the transfer of money or a contract. Will yad<\/em> work in such a case, as well? Some suggest that the only reason yad<\/em> might work in kiddushin<\/em> is because it contains an aspect similar to hekdesh<\/em> \u2013 sanctification to the Temple<\/a> \u2013 in that a woman who marries becomes forbidden to all others like hekdesh<\/em>. This concept, which is included in the very word that is used for marriage in the language of the Sages (kiddushin\u00a0<\/em>=\u00a0hekdesh<\/em>), is the basis for nedarim<\/em>, as well, where we find that the object has become forbidden. Rav Avraham min haHar<\/a> suggests that there is a further reason to suggest that yad<\/em> will work in the case of kiddushin<\/em>; since the act of transfer indicates that a serious interaction is taking place between the man and the woman, even a weak statement will be understood.<\/p>\n

    The Ran<\/a> explains that the continuation of the Gemara, where the possibility of yad<\/em> in the case of pe’ah<\/em> is discussed, follows this line of reasoning. Thus, even if we reject the use of yad<\/em> in the case of kiddushin<\/em> because kiddushin<\/em> is deemed to be too far removed from kodashim<\/em> and nedarim<\/em>, perhaps we can consider the case of pe’ah<\/em>, where the field is set aside for the use of the poor in a manner similar to that of hekdesh<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    \n

    In addition to his monumental translation and commentary on the Talmud, Rabbi Steinsaltz has authored dozens of books and hundreds of articles on a variety of topics, both Jewish and secular. For more information about Rabbi Steinsaltz’s groundbreaking work in Jewish education, visit www.steinsaltz.org<\/a> or contact the Aleph Society at 212-840-1166.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The Coming Week’s Daf Yomi by Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz This essay is based upon the insights and chidushim (original ideas) of Talmudic scholar Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz, as published in the Hebrew version of the Steinsaltz Edition of the Talmud. This month\u2019s Steinsaltz Daf Yomi is sponsored by Dr. and Mrs. Alan Harris, the Lewy Family<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"featured_media":42404,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[83],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-torah","series-steinsaltz-daf-yomi"],"yoast_head":"\nMasechet Nedarim 2a-6b - OU Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Coming Week's Daf Yomi (Nedarim 2a-6b) by Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz, based upon the insights & chidushim published in the Steinsaltz Edition of the Talmud\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ou.org\/life\/torah\/masechet_nedarim_26\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Masechet Nedarim 2a-6b - 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