{"id":50443,"date":"2020-11-05T18:04:03","date_gmt":"2020-11-05T18:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ou.org\/holidays\/?p=50443"},"modified":"2020-11-05T18:04:03","modified_gmt":"2020-11-05T18:04:03","slug":"catastrophic-transmission-failure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ou.org\/holidays\/catastrophic-transmission-failure\/","title":{"rendered":"Catastrophic Transmission Failure"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Rav Yehudah said in the name of Rav: When Moshe our teacher was about to enter Gan Eden, he said to Yehoshua, &#8220;Ask of me any doubts that you have.&#8221; Yehoshua replied, &#8220;My master, did I leave you for even one moment? Is it not written in the Torah\u00a0 &#8216;And his servant, Yehoshua the son of Nun, did not depart from the midst of the tent (Shemot 33:11)'&#8221; Immediately, Yehoshua&#8217;s powers weakened, he forgot three hundred laws. \u00a0Three hundred doubts arose in his mind, and all of Israel rose against him to kill him. At this the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to him, &#8220;To tell you is impossible; go and busy them with war [to turn their attention away from you]\u2026\u00a0 (Mesechet Temurah 17a)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>I. Yehoshua&#8217;s failure<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yehoshua succeeded Moshe as the leader of the Jewish people.\u00a0 The Talmud explains that before Moshe departed, he invited his student, Yehoshua, to pose to him any questions he had concerning the Torah.\u00a0 Yehoshua reminded Moshe, his teacher, that he had not departed from his side even for a moment.\u00a0 To Yehoshua&#8217;s surprise, he suddenly forgot three hundred laws.\u00a0 The people were so disappointed and angry with Yehoshua that they wished to kill him.<\/p>\n<p>Yehoshua turned to Hashem.\u00a0 Hashem explained to Yehoshua that He could not restore to him, through prophecy, the laws he had forgotten. \u00a0The Torah was given to Moshe through prophecy, but subsequent scholars must rely upon their knowledge and wisdom to interpret and establish the laws.\u00a0 Prophecy cannot be employed to resolve questions of Torah law.\u00a0 Hashem advised Yehoshua to proceed with the conquest of the Land of Israel and divert the people&#8217;s attention and anger from his failure.<\/p>\n<p>Why did the people conclude that Yehoshua deserved to be put to death for his failing?\u00a0 By what standard did they presume that he deserved this most severe punishment? Rav Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik (GRIZ) addresses this issue. The first step in understanding his response is to consider another issue discussed by GRIZ.<\/p>\n<p><strong>II. The transmission of the Oral Law<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Torah was given to Moshe at Mount Sinai.\u00a0 It consists of two components the Written Law \u2013 the five books of the Torah \u2013 and the Oral Law.\u00a0 The Oral Torah expands upon and interprets the Written Law.\u00a0 Moshe recorded the Written Law.\u00a0 He created the first Sefer Torah.\u00a0 The Oral Law was transmitted from teacher to student.\u00a0 It was forbidden to record it.\u00a0 This process continued until the time of Ribbi Yehudah HaNasi.\u00a0 He determined that the Oral Law could no longer be preserved as a strictly oral tradition. He edited the Mishne and initiated a process of converting the Oral Law into written form.\u00a0 Ravina and Rav Ashi continued this process and created the Talmud.<\/p>\n<p>In the introduction to his code of Torah law, the Mishne Torah, Rambam \u2013 Maimonides \u2013 records the Sages of each generation who were recipients of the Oral Law from their teachers.\u00a0 He traces the passage of the Oral Law from Moshe to Ravina and Rav Ashi.\u00a0 Oddly, he provides two accounts of this chain of transmission.\u00a0 These two accounts differ in two respects.\u00a0 The following excerpts illustrate these differences:<\/p>\n<p>Account 1:<\/p>\n<p>Elazar, Pinchas, and Yehoshua \u2013 these three received [the Oral Law] from Moshe.\u00a0 To Yehoshua, who was the student of Moshe, our master, he transmitted the Oral Law\u2026.<\/p>\n<p>Account 2:<\/p>\n<p>From Rav Ashi to Moshe, our master, there are forty people.\u00a0 They are Rav Ashi [who received the Oral Law] from Rava.\u00a0 [Rava received the Oral Law] from Rabah\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The first account begins with Moshe and concludes with Ravina and Rav Ashi. The second is presented in the reverse sequence.\u00a0 In begins with Rav Ashi and follows the chain of transmission back to Moshe.<\/li>\n<li>The first account is more extensive. It includes the major scholars of each generation who were the recipients of the Oral Law from their teachers of the previous generation.\u00a0 The second account identifies a single scholar in each generation who is the link between the previous and subsequent generations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Why are these two accounts needed and how can their differences be explained?<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Moshe received the Torah at Sinai.\u00a0 He transmitted it to Yehoshua.\u00a0 Yehoshua [transmitted it] to the Elders. The Elders [transmitted] it to the Prophets.\u00a0 The Prophets [transmitted it] to the Members of the Great Assembly.\u00a0 (Mesechet Avot 1:1)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>III.\u00a0 Participants in the transmission<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A comment of GRIZ provides an answer.\u00a0 He notes that Moshe had three primary students \u2013 Elazar \u2013 Aharon&#8217;s son, Elazar&#8217;s son, Pinchas, and Yehoshua.\u00a0 The above text is the opening Mishne of Mesechet Avot.\u00a0 It explains that Moshe transmitted the Oral Law to Yehoshua.\u00a0 Why does the Mishne identify only Yehoshua as the recipient of Moshe&#8217;s teachings?\u00a0 He had three primary students.\u00a0 Why are Elazar and Pinchas not listed with Yehoshua as recipients of the Oral Law?<\/p>\n<p>GRIZ responds that Elazar and Pinchas were Moshe&#8217;s students but they were not selected to be the <em>Ba&#8217;alai Mesorah<\/em> \u2013 those responsible for the preservation and transmission of the Oral Law to the following generation.\u00a0 This responsibility was assigned only to Yehoshua.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>With this insight Rambam&#8217;s two lists can be explained.\u00a0 Rambam&#8217;s first list includes the major scholars of each generation who received the Oral Law from their teachers of the previous generation.\u00a0 They transmitted these teachings to the next generation.\u00a0 From among the scholars of each generation, one was selected.\u00a0 He bore the responsibility for the preservation and transmission of the Oral Law to the subsequent generation.\u00a0 His colleagues participated and supported his efforts, but this lone scholar was the one who carried ultimate responsibility.\u00a0 Rambam&#8217;s second list enumerates these select scholars.<\/p>\n<p>This understanding of the two lists explains their differences.\u00a0 In his first list, Rambam identifies all the prominent scholars of each generation who received the Oral Law from the previous generation&#8217;s scholars.\u00a0 This list is arranged in chronological order from the beginning of the process of transmission and concludes with the recording of the Talmud.\u00a0 The second list affirms the legitimacy or pedigree of the Oral Law that is recorded in the Talmud.\u00a0 It traces the Oral Law from Rav Ashi back to Moshe.\u00a0 It demonstrates that Rav Ashi&#8217;s record of the Oral Law can be traced back to Moshe through an unbroken chain of selected scholars \u2013 each selected to preserve and transmit the Oral Law. Before presenting GRIZ&#8217;s explanation of the nation&#8217;s anger with Yehoshua, one more text must be understood.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Ribbi Doustai the son of Yanai, in Ribbi Meir&#8217;s name said: Anyone who forgets any element of his studies is considered by the Torah as liable with his life.\u00a0 (Mesechet Avot 3:8)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>IV. Forgetting one&#8217;s studies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The above is a remarkable statement made by Ribbi Doustai.\u00a0 He asserts that one who forgets an element of his Torah studies is liable with his life \u2013 he deserves to be executed.\u00a0 Ribbi Doustai words are carefully selected.\u00a0 He is not saying that the courts should carry-out this penalty.\u00a0 He is saying that the wrongdoing is so great, that this extreme penalty is deserved.\u00a0 Ribbi Doustai moderates his assertion.\u00a0 He explains that this penalty does not apply if he is overcome by his studies.\u00a0 The penalty is deserved only if there is an element of negligence or carelessness in his forgetfulness.<\/p>\n<p>Rabbaynu Yonah explains Ribbi Doustai&#8217;s statement more fully:<\/p>\n<p><em>[He refers to] one who does not consider that forgetting is common among people and [therefore,] he should review the law many times and consider it all day and night until it cannot be forgotten.\u00a0 If he did not do this, then he is liable with his life.\u00a0 [This is because] he will teach the law based upon his [incomplete] memory\u2026 and he will prohibit that which is permitted and permit that which is prohibited.\u00a0 Consequently, he will cause harm\u2026\u00a0 [However] if his forgetting is the result of advanced age or another factor beyond his control, then he is not liable.<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><em><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>According to Rabbaynu Yonah, Ribbi Doustai&#8217;s message is that one must be diligent in the study of the Torah.\u00a0 One must be cognizant of two concerns.\u00a0 First, to properly apply the Torah&#8217;s laws one must have fluency and familiarity with them.\u00a0 Second, we easily forget information. Because of these considerations, we must intensely apply ourselves to Torah study.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V. Forgetting \u2013 a serious lapse<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rav Chaim Volozhin offers an alternative interpretation of Ribbi Doustai&#8217;s teaching.\u00a0 He explains that it applies to the generations from Moshe to Rav Ashi.\u00a0 During these generations the Oral Law was not recorded or recorded only in the most minimal manner.\u00a0 Students of the Oral Law were repositories of this knowledge.\u00a0 Ribbi Doustai intended to communicate to these scholars the full significance of their studies and the solemnity of their duty to faithfully transmit the Oral Law to the next generation.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>This interpretation suggests a subtle change in our understanding of Ribbi Doustai&#8217;s condemnation of the forgetful student.\u00a0 It suggests that Ribbi Doustai&#8217;s declaration that the forgetful student deserves death is not an exaggerated expression employed for emphasis.\u00a0 The scholar who jeopardizes the transmission of the sacred Torah to the next generation has committed a grave sin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>VI. The seriousness of Yehoshua&#8217;s failure<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>GRIZ explains that this interpretation of Ribbi Doustai&#8217;s teaching accounts for the nation&#8217;s response to Yehoshua&#8217;s loss of three hundred laws.\u00a0 He was not only one of Moshe&#8217;s primary students.\u00a0 He was the single scholar selected by Moshe to be responsible for the transmission of his teachings.\u00a0 The chain of transmission to future generations depended upon his flawless teaching of the Oral Law to his students.\u00a0 Yehoshua failed in this most critical task.\u00a0 The people understood the irreparable consequence of Yehoshua&#8217;s failure.\u00a0 This realization provoked their intense response.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>VII. Our remarkable legacy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This discussion expresses the attitude of our Sages to our Oral Law and its transmission.\u00a0 We are the blessed recipients of a legacy transmitted through the generations from Moshe.\u00a0 The accurate and comprehensive transfer of this tradition was viewed by our Sages as a sacred and awesome duty.\u00a0 When we study a page of the Talmud or consider a comment of Rashi in the Chumash we are accessing this unbroken chain.\u00a0 We are not just studying a book; we are studying with Moshe, our master.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Rav Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik, <em>Chidushai HaGRIZ on T&#8217;NaCH and Aggadah<\/em>, chapter 136 (Pinchas).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> The popular text reads, &#8220;the Torah exempts one whose failure is the result of factors one cannot control.&#8221;\u00a0 The above amendment is suggested by Rav Moshe Feinstein.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Rav Asher HaKohen, <em>Keter Rosh<\/em> note 66.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> See Rav Y. Hershkowitz, <em>Torat Chaim on Pirke Avot<\/em>, pp. 11-12.\u00a0 The material presented here is based upon Rav Hershkowitz&#8217;s work.\u00a0 His presentation is based upon a combination of sources.\u00a0 Those that are available to me, I have cited.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rav Yehudah said in the name of Rav: When Moshe our teacher was about to enter Gan Eden, he said to Yehoshua, &#8220;Ask of me any doubts that you have.&#8221; Yehoshua replied, &#8220;My master, did I leave you for even one moment? Is it not written in the Torah\u00a0 &#8216;And his servant, Yehoshua the son [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":843,"featured_media":50449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[357],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-shavuot"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Catastrophic Transmission Failure - Jewish Holidays<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ou.org\/holidays\/catastrophic-transmission-failure\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Catastrophic Transmission Failure - Jewish Holidays\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rav Yehudah said in the name of Rav: When Moshe our teacher was about to enter Gan Eden, he said to Yehoshua, &#8220;Ask of me any doubts that you have.&#8221; Yehoshua replied, &#8220;My master, did I leave you for even one moment? 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